By The Chronicle Staff

Health experts say recognizing the warning signs and calling 911 immediately can significantly improve a person’s chances of survival and recovery.

Fast treatment can limit brain damage, reduce the risk of permanent disability and, in some cases, save a life.

A stroke occurs when blood flow to part of the brain is interrupted or when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures. Without oxygen-rich blood, brain cells begin to die within minutes.

Learn the warning signs

One of the easiest ways to recognize a stroke is by remembering the acronym B.E. F.A.S.T.

• Balance: Watch for a sudden loss of balance or coordination.

• Eyes: Sudden vision loss or changes in one or both eyes.

• Face: Ask the person to smile. Does one side of the face droop?

• Arms: Ask the person to raise both arms. Does one arm drift downward or seem weak?

• Speech: Listen for slurred speech, difficulty speaking or trouble finding words.

• Time: Call 911 immediately. Note the time symptoms began because it helps doctors determine the best treatment.

Beyond the B.E. F.A.S.T. warning signs, stroke symptoms may include sudden confusion, severe headache, dizziness, nausea or vomiting, weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, numbness, memory loss, seizures, mood changes, loss of coordination and even loss of consciousness.

Understanding the different types of stroke

There are two main types of stroke.

An ischemic stroke is the most common. It occurs when a blood clot blocks blood flow to the brain. Common causes include hardened arteries, atrial fibrillation, clotting disorders, heart defects and diseases affecting small blood vessels.

A hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures, causing bleeding into the surrounding tissue. High blood pressure, brain aneurysms, certain tumors and diseases that weaken blood vessels are among the leading causes.

A transient ischemic attack (TIA), often called a “mini-stroke,” produces temporary stroke-like symptoms that usually disappear within minutes or hours. Although symptoms may resolve, a TIA is a medical emergency because it often signals a much greater risk of a full stroke in the near future.

Who is at risk?

While strokes can occur at any age, certain factors increase the likelihood of having one.

Risk factors include: high blood pressure, high cholesterol, type 2 diabetes, smoking or vaping, heavy alcohol use, recreational drug use, being older than 65, obesity, physical inactivity; and COVID-19 and frequent migraine headaches have also been linked to an increased risk in some people.

Many of these risks can be reduced through healthy lifestyle changes and regular medical care.

How strokes are treated

Treatment depends on the type of stroke and how quickly the patient reaches the hospital.

For ischemic strokes, doctors work to restore blood flow by dissolving or removing the blood clot. This may involve clot-busting medications or a minimally invasive procedure known as a mechanical thrombectomy.

For hemorrhagic strokes, treatment focuses on stopping the bleeding, controlling blood pressure and relieving pressure on the brain. Surgery may be necessary in some cases.

The sooner treatment begins, the better the chances of limiting permanent brain damage.

Rehabilitation plays a key role

Recovery from a stroke often continues long after a patient leaves the hospital.

Stroke rehabilitation may include physical therapy to rebuild strength and balance, occupational therapy to regain everyday skills, speech therapy to improve communication and swallowing, and cognitive therapy to help with memory, concentration and problem-solving.

Recovery varies widely from person to person. Some people improve within weeks, while others require months or longer. Healthcare providers say setting realistic goals and staying committed to rehabilitation can greatly improve outcomes.

Prevention starts with healthy habits

Although not all strokes can be prevented, many can.

Doctors recommend:

• Keep blood pressure and cholesterol under control.

• Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables and whole grains.

• Exercise regularly.

• Maintain a healthy weight.

• Quit smoking and avoid tobacco products.

• Limit alcohol consumption.

• Manage chronic health conditions such as diabetes.

• See your healthcare provider for routine checkups.

Many conditions that increase stroke risk develop gradually and often have no noticeable symptoms. Regular screenings can help identify problems before they become life-threatening.

Every minute matters

If you think someone may be having a stroke, don’t drive them to the hospital unless emergency services are unavailable. Call 911 immediately so treatment can begin as quickly as possible.

When it comes to stroke, time truly is imperative. Acting quickly can save a life and give someone the best chance at a full recovery. ■